Black Locust Is a Common Tree in North America

Essay about Economic, Political, and Social Change Worksheet

University of Phoenix Material Jenifer Hoang April 27, 2015 Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Agricultural Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in two to three sentences: 1 What are the three most important factors contributing to the agricultural revolution in Europe? The three most important factors are advanced farming equipment, three field system, and warmer temperature. 2 How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example. The agricultural revolution changed European society for the better by providing more jobs to people the more new farming equipment was in demand and also helped people move ttheir lives away from farming itself and expand Europe. Industrial†¦show more content†¦A new mind set of reason took place. The role of women - The role of women changed drastically as they were now given more responsibilities in society along with jobs and incomes. 4 Science - Science no longer sounded like witch craft and research became a very important part of society as more and more questions needed answers. The drive to build newer and better everything was pushing science forward. 5 Anti-Semitism - Realism was on the rise as people began to question how and why towards certain rules, beliefs and traditions. People wanted to be free of the imaginative portrayal of life and wanted to see things for what they really were. Western Political Change between 1815 and 1870 Write two to three sentences per concept about how the following contributed to political change between 1815 and 1870: 6 Liberalism - Liberalism was on the rise as this was representative of the middle class of people in society. More care and importance was being given to the middle class through liberalism as it looked out for individual rights and needs. 7 Conservatism - Conservatism was slowly on the down fall as it was normally made by those who wanted the government to have more power over the people. 8 The alliance system - Rose up to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte. It also stood to maintain strength against future French upheaval. 9 TheShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Risk Assessment931 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Risk Assessment Worksheet Name ENV/420 Date Instructor Risk Assessment Worksheet Ecological Risk Assessment Framework The framework of ecological risk assessment consists of a problem statement (formulation), risk analysis, risk characterization, and risk management. 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Catholic Principles Self Social Community â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Catholic Principles Self Social Community? Answer: Introducation The catholic belief holds God at the center of everything and he ensures the love, justice and peace for all his creations (Vatican.va, 2017). The following principles of CST reflect Gods concern for social lives and are capable of guiding us to establish an intimate relationship between ourselves and others who are surrounding us. Human dignity and life This principle teaches us that human dignity is at the core of societys moral foundation (Rpke, 2017). Our life is sacred and we must treat our dignity as one of the necessary higher values to live a healthy life. The history of human civilization has experienced great changes in the society; the struggle was difficult at times. The human dignity guided us at such difficult times and it will. The present world has been suffering from acute materialism which leads us to ignore the dignity (Srnicek, Fotou Arghand, 2013). We forget or deliberately hurt other peoples dignity in order to satisfy our goal of pleasure. We tend to forget that God imprinted himself upon humans as the likeness encouraged him to do so. Catholic Social Teaching has a defined position regarding the beginning and ending of life that reflects in issues like abortion or euthanasia (Hitchcock, 2017). Human life and dignity is sacred. Therefore it is our responsibility to protect our dignity from getting corrupted. T he Catholic social thought encourages us to engage in a practice where the right of every innocent soul is protected. Common good Most humans place individual self at the centre of their life in the world because individualism has become the primary key force of life. Individuals create the community but not alone. The interdependence and coexistence of the individual are the basis of community practice. The self growth in various aspects of life like political, economic, legal or societal gets transcended and spreads in the global platform (Hopper, 2017). The common good is actually the good deeds that individual brings to the society and the mutual benefit that gets generated out of is shared by everyone. Government or other political institutions are active participants in the process of achieving common good (Walker, 2014). For an isolated individual it is difficult to achieve the common good but if we focus more on our collectivity than the self, we might be able to achieve the common good in greater number more successfully. The Government and the community consisting of individuals must work responsibly to achieve the common good and enhance the condition of human existence in the world. Subsidiarity Subsidiarity is capable of producing benefit for both the community and the government. If the issues are handled in a local level without the governments intervention, it can enhance the economic performance, efficiency and improve the society as a whole. The government is not expected to act as a dominating force rather should defend the common good of the people (McCann, 2014). The people should be allowed to work on their own to achieve their desired performance. Stewardship of his Creations Through the stewardship we can show our respect towards God. The high level of consumerism should not limit us to act as consumers only; we have other responsibilities towards Gods goods. The stewardship will guide us to fulfill our duties towards Gods creations and to improve their condition of life (Caritas.org.au, 2017). We have to do that as a community. The individuals must work collaboratively in taking care of Gods creations. We are just the bearers of Gods messages and must fulfill assigned tasks of God (Tozer, 2015). We do not have any authoritative power over any of Gods creations we are just assigned to take care of them. Purpose of Goods Every individual must possess equal right to the resources created by God; otherwise the universal flourishing of human kind cannot be achieved. Gods goods are in various forms like the benefits that individual or institutions achieve through profitable trades or the physical gain of human labor. However these are not to be consumed by individuals, every living being is given the equal right to it. The individual or collective greed works against the Gods purpose of individual goods. To reach the universal destination all men and women should follow the catholic principles and thus the challenges that occurred in stewardship and solidarity will be resolved (Kearns, 2014). Promotion of Peace Peace is beyond just the resolution of conflicts; it deals with lifes completeness. Peace can be achieved through mutual respect among individuals, institutions and nations. Catholic Social Thoughts represents peace as an action based positive idea which is in close relationship with justice (Groody, 2015). Peace can be experienced only when justice is achieved. The catholic teaching states that war can bring back the intended peace and there this belief is supported by most contemporary governments. Preferential option for the poor The suffering and deprivation of the poor affects the society and is capable of failing the purpose of Gods creation. Therefore it is our duty to create options for poor to develop and the benefit will be shared by us or society as a whole. The common good cannot be achieved if option for the poor is not integrated in the process. Like in the stewardship principle everyone must be given equal opportunity to fulfill the purpose of Gods goods is hampered if the options are not created for the poor. The marginal people of the society must be treated with special care and only this way a community can gain its healthy status. The well being of the poor and the community must be protected by establishing an effective social order (Curnow, 2015). The church suggests the government to implement social and national policies that concerns the well being of the poor. There are multiple social service groups that work for improvement and up gradation of the poor and contribute significantly by following the common social orders to improve the society as a whole. Participation The community cannot work effectively if everyone does not engage in participating. In order to protect the human dignity and common good the participation from everyone of the community is necessary (Reader, 2016). It is not expected that some are getting more opportunities and some are getting excluded from participation. The communal activities demand our participation as we demand justice from the society. Solidarity Catholic Social thoughts teaches us that solidarity helps us to achieve the common good as it has already taught us that all human beings create the large family and we are responsible for taking care of each other. The interconnected humans must embrace the solidarity in order to secure the progress of the whole society. The solidarity teaches us to treat everyone equally irrespective of their national, racial or cultural identity (Beyer, 2014). Flourishing The flourishing is not just achieving the desired goal for a temporary period of time. The flourishing must possess a sustainable quality which will differentiate it from momentary happiness (Neave, 2016). The collaborative nature of among the individuals and communities will ensure the human flourishing. Human being as social being We are all social beings. Our existence is difficult to imagine without the peaceful coexistence of other social beings. The individual human represents the family and the community and it is his duty to carry out the responsibilities within the community (Tonnies, 2017). Humans are defined by the relationships they maintain; otherwise the flourishing becomes impossible to achieve. It is not just the relationship among individual but also the relationship between the individual and the community. CST, Self and Community flourishing The individual flourishing is directly related to the community flourishing. Catholic Social Thoughts will lead the individual and the community to lead an substantial and meaningful life (Tablan, 2015). The human dignity, common good, solidarity or promotion of peace provides us with a common framework that prepares the platform for us to work on our relationships. Our smallest contribution can bring great changes in the society so we have to be careful about our contribution. Appreciation of hard work, protection of the poor and developing together are the principle desire in which the catholic thoughts help us. Catholic Social Thoughts is essential in our journey to maintain the relationship of self and community in order to achieve the ultimate good. Reference Beyer, G. J. (2014). The meaning of solidarity in Catholic social teaching.political theology,15(1), 7-25. Compendium of the social doctrine of the church. (2017).Vatican.va. Retrieved 12 September 2017, from https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justpeace_doc_20060526_compendio-dott-soc_en.html Curnow, R. M. (2015). Which Preferential Option for the Poor? A History of the Doctrine's Bifurcation.Modern Theology,31(1), 27-59. Groody, D. G. (2015).Globalization, Spirituality, and Justice Revised Edition: Navigating a Path to Peace. Orbis Books. Hitchcock, J. (Ed.). (2017).Abortion, Religious Freedom, and Catholic Politics. Routledge. Hopper, P. (2017).Rebuilding communities in an age of individualism. Taylor Francis. Kearns, A. J. (2014). Catholic social teaching as a framework for research ethics.Journal of Academic Ethics,12(2), 145-159. McCann, D. P. (2014). Who is responsible for the common good? Catholic social teaching and the praxis of subsidiarity. InThe common good: Chinese and American perspectives(pp. 261-289). Springer Netherlands. Neave, G. (2016). Contextual Issues: Learning and Human Flourishing.A Handbook of Chaplaincy Studies: Understanding Spiritual Care in Public Places, 301. Reader, J. (2016). Together for the Common Good.Journal of Beliefs Values,37(1), 118-120. Rpke, W. (2017).The moral foundations of civil society. Routledge. Srnicek, N., Fotou, M., Arghand, E. (2013). Introduction: Materialism and world politics. Stewardship of Creation - We must all care for and share the resources of the earth. (2017).Caritas.org.au. Retrieved 12 September 2017, from https://www.caritas.org.au/learn/catholic-social-teaching/stewardship-of-creation Tablan, F. (2015). Catholic social teachings: Toward a meaningful work.Journal of Business Ethics,128(2), 291-303. Tonnies, F. (2017).Community and society. Routledge. Tozer, A. W. (2015).The Pursuit of God: The Human Thirst for the Divine. Moody Publishers. Walker, G. (2014). Review of" The Common Good of Constitutional Democracy: Essays in Political Philosophy and on Catholic Social Teaching" by Martin Rhonheimer.Journal of Markets Morality,16(2).

Islam Relationships with the West

Introduction Islam is one of the major religious groups spread all over the world. Just like most religious groups derive their principles from holy books, Islam also follow their principles as enshrined in their holy book, which is known as the Qur’an. The devotees of this holy book deem it the word of Allah.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Islam Relationships with the West specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, Islam adherents regard Prophet Muhammad as the prophet of God and his messenger to the world; they follow his teachings and examples which they regard as normative. Muslims are those individuals who identify themselves with Islam (acquiescence to God). The religious practices of Islam entail what they have been referred to as the Five Pillars of Islam; these concern all facets of life and the society at large (Maqsood, 1995). Islam Relationships in the West It is important to note from th e outset that the relationship between the West and Islam has never been sufficiently positive right from the start of the 20th century. The West has a perception that Islam is a religion mainly concerned with the act of terrorism (Al-Khattar, 2003). The West has therefore become more cautious when dealing with issues that regard Islam. Due to this fact, the relationship between the West and Islam is set to be the characteristic feature in the 21st century, especially with respect to the Middle East. The questions are the policy makers in the West should engage with the Islamic world, whether the spread of democracy in the Muslim regions stop the military forces that generates terrorism and the Western governments and populace deal with the swelling population of Muslims; and how all these will affect the foreign policies of countries like the United States of America (Bascio, 2007). Moreover, the relationship between Islam and the West has become critical. Both the West, especially the United States, and Muslims have never trusted each other as aggression and terror always come in the mid of the relationship that exists between Islam and the West. The fact is that the Western nations, particularly The United States, have become arrogant to the Muslim world on one hand. On the other hand, the Muslim world has continuously maintained militancy against the Western world. This scenario has placed the relationship in perpetual tension. The tensioned was heightened when the events of the infamous 9/11 took place on the soil of the United States of America in which many people of varied nationalities were killed. The United States respondent militarily and this led to even more tension between the two world’s.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is also political competition between the West and the Islam worlds. Both sides are determined t o dominate each other politically (Al-Khattar, 2003). It is no doubt that the west are worried that Muslim may surpass them in political terms. However, there are also cultural aspects to the relationship between the West and Islam. The Muslims on the other hand hold the fear that the west will disintegrate their culture. Due to this fear, the Muslim nations have always reacted defensively against the Western nations. In fact, the Muslims tend to decline almost everything that has originated from the West (Al-Khattar, 2003). Further, the Muslim world views the West not as a dialogue partner, but as a repressive colonizer and great enemy. In fact, Islam believes that the West should come to the spirituality of Islam; implying that the West should embrace Islam as a way of life. This has been argued to be one of the fundamental reasons the Muslim world started the project of Islamization and the proclamation of the Islamic science. To this day, the bond between Islam and Western natio ns is weak. The Spread of Muslim Culture in the United States The presence of Muslim culture in the United States of America started as early as 1880s when thousands of Islamic adherents migrated from the Empire of Ottoman and some regions of South Asia into the United States. At that time, the Muslims did not really have distinctive settlement and most probably they were assimilated into the broader society (Kayyali, 2006). The earliest Muslim documented to have been the first to enter the United States was known as Anthony Janszoon Van Salee; he moved to New Amsterdam around the year 1630. In 1921, Ahmadiyya Muslim Community became the oldest Muslim establishment in the United States of America (Scholz Frijhoff, 2007). The Muslim culture in the United States gained its widespread during the 20th century; much of the growth was accounted for by widespread conversion of those already in the United States and large numbers of immigration into the United States. So, it can be argued that that the Muslim culture in the United States is spread by three factors. One of the factors is immigration; the second one is continuous conversion amongst those who already lived in the United States. The recent immigration has accounted for the widespread of Islam in the United States. The third factor that may be considered significant in the spread of Muslim culture in the United States is cultural heritage; the Muslim couples in the United States only teach their children about Islam being the only true religion for them. It therefore means that as more Muslims give birth in the United States, they also spread their religious culture.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Islam Relationships with the West specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Factors Contributing to the Growth and Population of Islam Culture in the United States One of the factors that significantly contribute to the growth and population of Islam culture in the United States is the belief that one should have as many children as he can. This implies that in the Muslim culture, birth control is not practiced and is not supported. Related to this belief is the fact that Muslims believe in poligyny; they can marry upto four wives and with the four wives, a Muslim man can sire as many children as he wishes or he deems appropriate. This scenario has raised the fertility rate amongst Muslims more than any religion or any society of individuals (Naim, 2002). The immigration policy of the United States is one of the contributing factors to growth and population of the Muslim culture. The migration policy that allow individuals to come all over the world to enter and work in the United States is significant and strategic for the Muslim communities to find their way into the United States; this is coupled with the fact that the policy does not place any form of restrictions to the effect of religious affiliations even through t he West in general is very much concerned with the increasing size of Muslim population in the region (Larkin, 2001). But, then, it may be difficult to stop the growth of the Muslim population in the United States because there are Muslims who have become citizens of the United States either by natural birth or artificially; these Muslims have rights just like any other citizens who are non-Muslims. Therefore, citizenship is one of the fact ors has ensured increase and growth in the population of Muslim culture in the United States. The fact is that as they give birth, the children automatically become citizens of the United States. It should also not be forgotten that the United States of America has granted its citizens the right and freedom of worship. By virtue of this fact, the population has the right to choose whether to become Islam adherents or not; the choice is personal (Larkin, 2001). Conclusion The relationship between the West and Islam has been full of tension and sus picion. The Western nations have viewed Muslim world and as a religion to be only concerned with acts terrorism. On the other hand, Muslim world has views the West as colonizers and enemies.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The spread of Islam culture to the United States of America began in the 1880s during the reign of Ottoman. It is recorded that thousands and thousands of Muslim immigrated into the United States from the Empire of Ottoman between 1880 and 1914. Since then, the culture of Islam has gained widely spread in the United States. The spread of Muslim culture in the United States is facilitated by immigration, birth and cultural heritage. Factors that contribute to growth of Islam population and culture are the United States immigration policies and the rights and freedoms of worship. Reference List Al-Khattar, A. (2003). Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspective. United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. Bascio, P. (2007). Defeating Islamic terrorism: an alternative strategy. U.S: Branden Books. Kayyali, R. (2006). The Arab Americans. U.S: Greenwood Publishing Group. Larkin, B. (2001). International Religious Freedom (2000): Annual Report: Submitted by the U.S. Department of Stat e (see 0-7567-1338-2 for ‘01 ed.). United States: DIANE Publishing. Maqsood, R. (1995). Islam. Examining religions. Orxford: Heinemann. Naim, A. (2002). Islamic family law in a changing world: a global resource book. New York: Zed Books. Scholz, M. Frijhoff, W. (2007). Fulfilling God’s mission: the two worlds of Dominie Everardus Bogardus, 1607-1647. Netherlands: BRILL. This term paper on Islam Relationships with the West was written and submitted by user Purple Fly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest Flashcard

Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest

THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE FRUIT OF THE POISON TREE DOCTRINE essays

THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE FRUIT OF THE POISON TREE DOCTRINE essays The Exclusionary Rule is a fundamental constitutional principle of criminal procedure law in the United States. Generally, it prohibits the criminal trial of any evidence seized or otherwise obtained in violation of Amendment to the Constitution. Under the Exclusionary Rule, improperly evidence that leads to the subsequent discovery of other incriminating automatically invalidates or "poisons" the newly discovered derivative same way that a poisonous tree taints the fruits growing on any of its While it derives from the Fourth Amendment, it is not actually anywhere within the text of the Constitution or its Amendments. In fact, judicially created more than a century after the Constitution was ratified the Fourth Amendment included within the Bill of Rights in 1791 (Tinsley). "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, house, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." At British Common Law, any evidence of guilt was admissible into and proof of guilt was considered to excuse any illegal conduct involved in it, even retroactively, in effect, functioning as an absolute defense on police or government authorities who violated the law (Tinsley): "where a Man arrests another, who is actually guilty of the Crime for which he is arrested, it seems, That he needs not in justifying it, set forth any special Cause of his Suspicion, but may say in general, that the Party feloniously did such a Fact, for which he arrested him In the nearly one and one quarter century between 1791 and 1914, criminal courts allowed the introduction of evidence establishing guilt in cases,...

Module Review 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Module Review 3 - Essay Example The control of integrated operation by the CPFR is performed through strategic planning, management of demand and supply, execution and analysis. In planning and strategy, the CPFR sets the goals of a firm, with distinctive outlines of the scope of the roles, responsibilities, procedures, and checkpoints. This Joint Business Plan spots the hindrances of effective demand and supply, and eliminates these obstacles through inventory policy changes, introduction of products, promotions, and opening or closing of branch stores (Sattar, 2012). The management of demand and supply focuses on sales forecasting and order forecasting. Sales forecasting projects the demand of consumers at a certain sales point. On the other hand, order forecasting determines the orders and deliveries depending on the sales forecast (Diederichs, 2009). The execution role of the CPFR in integrated operations constitutes the implementation of the firm’s forecast into the firm’s real demand and fulfillment of the orders through production, stocking of stores, delivery and shipping. In addition to execution, the CPFR analyses the planning of operations and calculates the returns of the business to determine the achievements of the strategic plans, or to expose the need for the development of more alternative strategies (Choi, Hui & Yu, 2013). Inventory is a critical visible asset for most firms, and determines the size of a firm’s purchasing power. The inventory levels are subject to focus by many company shareholders and executives. Despite this, the focus has reduces drastically, causing sever implications on the supply chain. The administration of inventory is necessary in the planning of inventory requirements and management of uncertainties that may occur in a business. The use of Pareto inventory practice enables the management to establish the amount of inventory on the low demand items that indicates the shortage of a product, the need for transitions or

Serotonin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Serotonin - Research Paper Example The metabolism of serotonin takes place in the live. The product of metabolism is known as 5-HIAA. In the process of metabolism, serotonin is oxidized by monoamine oxidase to produce aldehyde. Aldehyde is further oxidized into 5-HIAA by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Large amounts of serotonin in the blood leads to certain forms of carcinoid syndrome of flushing. It also leads to diarrhea, and heart complications. Human beings who experience the production of large amounts of serotonin often suffer from tricuspid valve disease. This disease is caused due to proliferation of myocytes into the valve (Chattopadhyay, 2007). Serotonin is not only found in animals. There are plants and fungi that have serotonin. Worms and insects also have serotonin. This is manifested the pain caused due to their bites. Plant spines also cause pain to human beings. Other pathogenic amoebas have the ability to produce serotonin, the effect of the serotonin from amoeba leads to diarrhea. 5-HT receptors belong to the A rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are said to have seven transmembrane spanning helices which include; three intracellular and three extracellular loops, one extracellular amino-terminus, and an intracellular carboxy-terminus. The transmembrane helices are charged with the function of binding endogenous ligand serotonin. Serotonergic neurons are lovated at the dorsal and median raphe nuclei region of the brain stem. In addition, serotonergic neurons are responsible for the projection of nerve terminals to every region of the brain.... It also leads to diarrhea, and heart complications. Human beings who experience the production of large amounts of serotonin often suffer from tricuspid valve disease. This disease is caused due to proliferation of myocytes into the valve (Chattopadhyay, 2007). Serotonin is not only found in animals. There are plants and fungi that have serotonin. Worms and insects also have serotonin. This is manifested the pain caused due to their bites. Plant spines also cause pain to human beings. Other pathogenic amoebas have the ability to produce serotonin, the effect of the serotonin from amoeba leads to diarrhea (Chattopadhyay, 2007). 5-HT receptors belong to the A rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are said to have seven transmembrane spanning helices which include; three intracellular and three extracellular loops, one extracellular amino-terminus, and an intracellular carboxy-terminus. The transmembrane helices are charged with the function of binding endo genous ligand serotonin (Chattopadhyay, 2007). Serotonergic neurons are lovated at the dorsal and median raphe nuclei region of the brain stem. In addition, serotonergic neurons are responsible for the projection of nerve terminals to every region of the brain. There are primary targets for serotonergic projections in the brain. The main targets include the substantia nigra, hypothalamus, amygdaloid-hippocampal region, caudate, plutamen and nucleus accumbens. Other areas that are targeted by the serotonergic projections include cerebral cortial areas such as the frontal, occipital, insular, parietal, temporal, and cerebral cortices (Vanhoute, 1993). In the brain, the cerebral cortex region has several nerves of serotonin

How Should the US Address the Issue of Iran's Aspirations of Becoming Term Paper

How Should the US Address the Issue of Iran's Aspirations of Becoming a Nuclear Power - Term Paper Example Its ability to advance this agenda comes from international and regional developments, such as the end of the Soviet Union in the year 1991, stopping of the war between Iraq and Iran in the year 1988 and the fall of Saddam’s regime in Iraq. In this regard, the fuel bank theory will also be discussed in details. Moreover, the paper analyses the Iranian nuclear danger from a historical and decision making point of view. A theoretical framework for dealing with the Iran’s nuclear power situation is provided. It is explicitly clear that Iran’s desire for regional supremacy is as a result of it large territory, its significant geographical location, its large population, natural resources, contributions to human culture, status within the Islamic community and its military power (Ridgeon 37). Historical background In the recent years, Iran’s desire of becoming a nuclear society has attracted attention from the entire world. Many leaders globally have opposed th e Iran’s nuclear programs even though they claim it’s for peaceful use only. According to Iran, they wish to have the capacity to create material for research and power facilities. To a certain extend this argument is reasonable if at all there is inspection and accountability carried out regularly. The fuel bank theory is intended to offer assurances to third world countries and the world in general that reactor fuel suppliers can be relied on without fear of being manipulated politically. According to this theory, the underlying principle of guaranteeing suppliers for nuclear fuel is to develop original uranium enrichment capabilities. By doing this, countries will be put closer to the difficulty of defining threshold between weapons applications and peaceful uses. Despite opposition from world leaders such as the US president, Iran continues to gain equipments that can give them the ability to create nuclear weapons. It has also blocked all efforts to scrutinize the ir facilities (Landau 78). Iran’s aspirations for becoming a nuclear power began in the year 1974 (Berman 85). At this time, Siemens Kraftwerk Union (KWU) from Germany had secured a contract to put up two turnkey pressurized water reactors. The construction work started in the year 1975 and was scheduled to end in 1981. Shortly after Iran’s Islamic Revolution, the contract was cancelled then restarted after a few years. When the war between Iran and Iraq started, KWU abandoned the project. Russia accepted to take over the contract from KWU in the year 1992. Their construction work began in the year 1995. Moscow later on deserted completion work to propose a new design thus restarting the whole project from the scratch. The project was also interrupted in the year 1998 when the US pressurized Ukraine to renege on its subcontract to supply turbine generators to Bushehr (Podeh 72). The construction plans have continued despite of significant delays on several occasions. R ussia has insisted that it is just fulfilling its obligation to provide nuclear technology that is peaceful to non nuclear signatories. Iran is an oil rich country and for it to build a nuclear power reactor leaves many world leaders worried. Iran recently installed advanced centrifuges near the city of Qom with an aim of cutting uranium enrichment time. The concept of fuel bank has considerable support internationally but does not enjoy universal agreement. Some supporters feel that the bank’

International And Comparative Human Resource Management Management Essay

International And Comparative Human Resource Management Management Essay This assignment includes journals which are in core with international human resource management (IHRM). In a modern competitive environment most of the organization move globally. IHRM is basically management of human resource internationally for the business occurs globally. Hence IHRM plays a vital role in globalized business. Compare to HRM, the IHRM have additional responsibility with regard to planning, staffing, performance management, training development, compensation and repatriation in international context. The main objective of writing this journal is to identify how HRM practice and managing the people in multinational context and as well as to identifying and analyzing the theories of this particular topic. It gives me wide knowledge about international human resource management. This reflects journal is about nine critical areas of IHRM which was discussed in our class and my observation, my personal viewpoints and theatrical understanding of each session of IHRM class. In order to present my view point better I refer magazine, books, online web and relate my class theatrical understanding with real world examples. I believe this journal will help me to recollect all what I learn from my class to understand and expand my knowledge. Introduction to IHRM In modern competitive environment company efficiency is greatly influenced by the best human recourses. The globalisation made possible for an organisation expands their business in multinational level. Human recourses management in domestic involves all management decision and practices that affect directly the people who are working in the organisation. The first class about international human resources management (IHRM) was conducted by our lecturer Mr. Chandana Kumara and he gave us brief description about our unit plan course outline, learning and assessment method of this subject. In this class we learnt introduction of IHRM in multinational prospective. Also we learnt difference between domestic and international HRM. Human resource manager in multinational company together with HR activities they engage such as helping suitable working environment for the expatriates to avoid regional disparities, reduce cultural risk and to settle down in their working place. We learnt procuring, allocating and effectively utilising human resources and HR activities in foreign locations and also we understood the importance of selecting employees in all three nations such as host country, parent country and third country. IHR manager in an international organisation need to understand the values of host country employees against the home country employees values. The HRM activity such as human resource planning, staffing, performance management, training and development, compensation and industrial relations is more complicated in multinational context. The human recourses manager for an organisation which has branches in overseas need to have a good understanding of cultural diversities and ability to manage diversifies human capital effectively. Managing human resource management internationally is not easy due to the fact that we need to consider the government regulation, policies, cultural background and strategies to be followed to run the enterprise in the host country. Major factor in international human resource management is first we need to understand and satisfy the government regulations of three country nation such as parent country nation (PCN), host country nation (HCN), and third country nation (TCN). The international HR manager has to effectively handle these kind challenges to be successful in the business. IHRM needs additional HR activities such as international taxation, International relocation and orientation, administration service for expatriates, host government relations and language translation services when an organisation moves globally (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.7). As a result HR manger should be able to identify and evaluate HR in broader perspective to treat all the employees equally and pay attention fairly when they consider for any compensation and promotion. HR manager need to satisfy all three nations when he evaluates the employee performance in multinational organisation. Moving the organization internationally it involves different types of employees with different personal life style. The risk exposure is also very high when comparing with the domestic HRM. External factors such as the growth of the host country government and state of economy also play a major role when the organization does a business globally. These factors HR manager need to be aware for the organization success and to achieve its target goals. I got good overview of IHRM and the importance to managing the people with different cultural values in international context. Globalization and rapid increase in technology gives more prominence for IHRM in an organisation. Cultural Differences Second class is all about cultural framework. This part is basically describes on cultural behaviour of the society impacts on an organisational performance. Hence HR manager for an international organisation need to have clear understanding about culture for the host nation and knowledge about different culture practice in different nation to run the organization efficiently and to avoid any misunderstandings among the employees. Here we study different culture of each country related to human resource management and expatriate cultural shock experiences when they work in different state. HR manager must know well about host country culture to reduce conflicts, cultural shock among co-workers and to achieve the business objective of the organisation. Expatriate to overcome from frustration the organisation needs to give introduction and train them. Measuring and assessment of cultural situation can be divided into two. They are emic and etic prospective. Emic refers how own nation look at their own culture and Etic is refers how outsiders views about their culture. IHR manager should have clear knowledge about both with regard to accepted customs and values of the nation as well as his understanding and his view about their values and customs. After the etic and emic perspective we learn about cultural dimension. There are lot of framework to identify cultural difference such as Hofstedes five dimension and trompernaars dimensions. For an example discussed about Hofstedes five dimensions which are individualistic vs. collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, long term vs. short term and Confucianism. In order to explain the above dimension examples taken Sri Lanka and Maldives, Saudi Arabia and Japan for us to get an understanding about of these countries in terms of cultural dimension. The HR managers should have a clear understanding of the importance of host country culture. We learnt china, Japan, Sri Lanka, India which has high power distance because they give respect to the position as well when they address someone they call sir or madam. USA and UK have low power distance because they have friendly relationship between employer and employee. They all called by first name of the person. Uncertainty avoidance is high where a country can take high risk as well as planned before problem arises. Example we can say UK and USA prefer to take risk so they have high uncertainty avoidance countries. Sri Lanka is a low uncertainty avoidance country. Femininity refers to a country which gives priority to relationship. Example like Sri Lanka, India they give first priority to relationship. Masculinity is where a country gives priority for values, money, status and success.UK and USA are masculinity countries. Individualistic countries achieve their success individually. UK and USA are individualistic countries they identify their success individually. Collectivi sm is where countries achieve their success by set of group. Sri Lanka is a collectivism country. Managers in the multinational organisation, they need to work globally valuing the customs and practice of the locals of the country they work. IHR managers in the international organization need to understand and work in accordance to the cultural diversity of working people for the efficiency and to safe guard the interest of the stakeholders. The knowledge I gained in the class will help me in the future when I am working with different cultural people. The Organizational context This chapter explains how the organizations managed and controlled in international level and effectively handling its human recourses with different cultural values and languages. Also lecture explained span of control of smaller and lager organizations and the benefits of having centralized/ decentralized operation. Organization operated with centralized operation where the decision making with top level management. The manager need to mange internal factors to compete internationally. There are six factors which direct the organization effectively and efficiently. They are size, structure, host country demand, national culture and language, flow and volume of information, operation modes, control mechanism and geographical dispersion. We have to consider these six factors when moving and doing business internationally because this will impact on HR functions. IHRM plays a vital role in selecting and training people and the factors affecting HR with some of them are political and legal nature, technology, and the nature of the product. HRM has the responsibility to select the right people for the tight positions. Also it was discussed about the managers leadership style in the organization and their cultural values and their attitude. Mangers need to adopt different style according to the situation to improve the organization performance. There are some different types of leadership styles to regulate different kind of situation. They are participative, consultative, paternalistic and autocratic styles. Participate is basically always like to work, consultative consults its subordinates to go through specific objective, paternalistic is more concern about employees who works in its organization and autocratic is have a control on whats its operates. A control mechanism plays a major role in an organization. Control can be formal and informal. A formal control mechanism mainly includes for the firm of an organizational structure, reporting system, budget, performance target and formal communication. Informal coordinates its resources and activities not only in the domestic but also for the international level. Its basically includes personal relationship and informal communication and corporate culture. From this class lecture I have understood that the HR manager plays a vital role in an organization. Because they have to know about the different structure and changes which occurred during the external and internal environment. HRM in the host county context This topic explains about issues and problems relate to IHRM in the host country context. This chapter identifies and discusses drivers that interact between global standardization and localization of HRM practice when an organization operates with number of subsidiary operates worldwide. The organization has to decide whether to operate with standard HR policy need to be implement in all worldwide subsidiary or to be localized in accordance with country wise. The implementation of standard HR policies vary from parent country to host country according to culture, maturity, institutional environment, the mode of operation and subsidiary roll. When multinational enterprises (MNE) decide to standardize or localized its operation globally, it needs to have global mindset with local responsiveness. When implementing HR policies globally, the parent company needs to respect host country culture and traditions. There are four factors which have a major impact on standardization. They are host country environments or work place, mode of operation, size and maturity and subsidiary mandate. Need to adopt local institution requirements such as host country government policies and regulations and Host country employees education system and their expectations. Host country culture and workplace environment is different from the parent company culture. Hence localization would be suitable because the host country employees will be find it difficult in adapting to a different culture. Culture determines the standardization in the placement, processes and practices in the work place. For example if the host country belongs to high uncertainty avoidance the employees tend to be rather risk averse and prefer fixed compensation packages or seniority pay. Selection of mode of operation is essential in determining the standardization of work practices. When it is a fully owned subsidiary there is more possibility to standardize than in alliance. Standardization of the organization depends on size and maturity of the firm. Standardization is essential in order to build individuality in all the outlets of the organization. When the subsidiary plays a major part, the work practices and policies of the subsidiary would be standardized to add value. Th is subsidiary becomes relatively important. According to my opinion adapting to the host country background and culture is a critical factor rather than organizing a socializing program. HSBC, being a multinational company has the slogan of Worlds Local Bank, and also in Sri Lanka McDonalds quit beef burgers in India due to the culture problem raised in India and Pizza hut have been initiated to provide variety of rice and pizzas according to citizens taste and eating habits. The advantage for global standardize HR polices are ease of administration and better efficiency and effectiveness. HR policies will be much consistency and transparency. Standardization can be achieved thorough HR practice such as staffing procedure; staff appraisal system, staff training and development programs and corporate code of conduct. (E.g. Unilever, HSBC) Both Standardization and localization for MNE has advantages and disadvantages. Parent company need to adapt suitable HR policies in host country globally for the efficient and effective function. Sustaining International Business Operations This is the topic which identifies the introduction about staffing and the approaches of staffing. Staffing is very important for an organization and in human resource management staffing is a process for recruiting and selecting the best candidate from the pool of the candidate. The objective of this chapter explains about the approaches of staffing. An organization which is having subsidiary internally has different approaches. They are as follows: ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric and regiocentric. Each method includes pros and corns depending on the situation. Ethnocentric gives more importance to the parent company and it is having an authority against subsidiary operations. In this approach autonomy is limited and strategic decision is made by headquarters (Dowling Welch, 2004, P.58).this approach is managed by PCNs. This approach will retain a good communication, good coordination and strong control with parent company. Key position is hold by parent company and independent decision making is limited to the HCN and TCN. Polycentric explains MNE treats each subsidiary as separate national entity and gives autonomy to formulate decision to the subsidiary (Dowling Welch, 2004, P.59). This subsidiary is operates by local nationals. This staffing approach method is so effective and it gives more advantage to the host country nationals (HCNs). It eliminates the language barriers and adjusts the expatriate problems. Basically subsidiaries are managed by host country nation. For an e.g. HSBC is more rely on polycentric approach. Geocentric explains the MNE takes a global approach to its operations. It is accompanied by a worldwide integrated business and nationality is ignored in favor of ability (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.60) it gets the best people for the right job. Here subsidiaries are managed by PCN, HCN and TCN because to get the best work force in order to shine in operational and strategic level. Regiocentric explains that utilizes a wider pool of managers but in a limited way (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.g.62). Each individual HR person or organization has to take each approach regarding to its situation. We cant apply all the approach for a particular situation we must analysis and compare the situation and think what approach is more suitable for this kind of situation after that apply the staffing approach. Roles of expatriates to act as agent of direct control, to act as an agent of socialization, to coordinate the building of sustainable networks within the host country, to act as boundary spanners and to transfer competence and knowledge (Dowling Welch, 2004, p.69). International assignment includes different reasons such as to fill up the position, build up management and organization and the period of assignments can be short, medium and long term and non standard forms of assignments are commuter, rotational, contractual and virtual assignments. The functions of the expatriate: as an agent for direct control, as an agent, as network builder, as boundary spanners, and to coordinate the building of sustainable networks within the host country and transfer information and capability. Expatriate also undergo so many challenges. They are cultural issues, communicating difficulties, family absence and health problems. Here after I would say expatriate are more aware of their tasks it will lead to the success of the organization. Recruitment Selection for International Assignments Staffing Recruitment and selection are the important factor in human resource management. International recruitment and selection are important and difficult task when doing business globally. Recruiting is basically selecting a good candidate for a right job after recruit the selection process will continue in the process. That is basically gathering all information and selecting a best candidate. In this chapter mainly explains about expatriate recruitment and selection process as well as the success and failure of expatriate and the direct indirect cost of expatriates. The expatriates are used to transfer knowledge, control the organization as well as to fulfill the needs of the organization. The performance of the achievement will rank the organization. In this class mainly discuss about the recruitment and selection process done internationally for assignments. Here also discuss about major difference between the domestic and international staffing, firstly it says the firm have predisposition towards to hold the key position in headquarters and subsidiaries and by host government and the firms ability to attract the right candidate. To achieve the international assignment the expatriate should give their best shot to identify their personal trait. To prove that they should have a good leadership style, adoptability, flexibility, accept and adopts changes and work as calm and relaxed when under pressure times. Convince the managers to send the best employees for the international assignments are the main role for corporate HR. The four myths of global manager are there is a universal approach to management, people can acquire multicultural adaptability and behaviors, there are common characteristics shared by successful managers and there are no implements to mobility. Our lecturer spend some time in discussing the global manager and there function. The global manager job is tough to handle because most of the time they live abroad and they use to the different culture as well as they adapt to it. When the HR manager is recruiting employees for international assignment they have to motivate the staff to accept the foreign assignment so HR manger have to say that they are proving attractive salaries, financial incentives and other salary based benefit. When the organization is expanding their business globally they have to make sure staffing methods and policies are in line with host country laws. Selection also play major role in HR function. Expatriate failure is mainly premature return of expatriate. It will occur due to family concerns, early completion of assignments, cultural shock, security concern, lifestyle, poor performance, due to wrong selection and repatriate issues. For an example expatriate work in china they will come across cultural shock due to the poor performance. This will lead to the failure of expatriates. Analyzing the performance would be inability to adjust to foreign country, length of assignment, willingness to move, work related factors and psychological contract. Expatriate failure will cause direct cost and indirect cost. Direct cost includes airfares, associated relocation expenses and salary and training. Indirect cost will includes damaged relationship with host country and demotivating the local staff. To overcome this factors MNE should send knowledge person for the right assignment before sending the staff make sure to attend the pre departure program. International assignment will help the expatriate to gain knowledge in related topics and it will lead to achieve their career succession well. Training Development This chapter explains about one of the HRM function. Training and development plays a vital role for employees to achieve their target. In HRM recruiting selecting the first aspect and second is training development. Providing training in work place is to improve the current work, flexible in work as well as to adopt changes and challenges and work successfully in a given situation. Expatriate can perform well when they adopt and practice the training. To be last in the global market we need training as well more firms are focusing on the task of human resources as a significant part of their core competence and competitive advantage. Functions of Expatriate training contain many factors. They are Pre departure training, effective cultural training, host country business practices, host country labour laws, management styles, economic legal factors and relocation training and language training. The expatriates who work in abroad are not be aware of the host country function and cultures. To overcome this issue they have to undergo pre departure system which help the employees to know about the organisations, functions of the organisation and culture of the host country. Pre-departure training would include cultural awareness programs, preliminary visits, language training, practical assistance, training for the training role, TCN and HCN expatriate training. The success of the expatriate is depending on pre departure programs. It will give confidence to expatriate to do their work in host country. Effective cultural training also plays a major role because employees who selected to work abroad also find difficult to adopt host country culture. They undergo cultural shock so to overcome these better to have culture training. Trained expatriate will be more confident when they work in host country. Cultural training will provide confident to the expatriate to work effectively in host country. Cultural training and preliminary visit are important factor in pre departure program. Language training also plays an important role because an expatriate enter into a country and they use different language then expatriate will face difficulty. It will lead to a poor performance as well as communicate with other employees also lacking. Comfortable communication will lead to success and poor communication will lead to failure so to overcome this issue if they undergo language training it will help to be confident in host country. For an example if an employee going to China or France without attending language training they will face lot of problem. An effective employee will always go under language training before going to the host country. To compete successfully in the global market MNEs firms are focusing on the task of human resources as a significant part of their core competence and competitive advantage. To improve in competitive advantage training and development are important. Performance Management Performance management is a process which highlights in running the multinational organization and improves the entity, subsidiary unit and corporate performance as a whole to estimate whether they have achieved their target and pre determined goals. Introducing new methods to the labor force which will helps the multinational organization to carry out the employee performance to present level to the desired level. Through identifying the employees performances MNEs can evaluate the employees strengths, weaknesses and gaps between the desired one and actual one. During this process they can identify the employees in different levels. The organization proved training and development program for the employees to work easily at their home country. The major advantage of performance appraisal is selecting the right person for the right job. Because to reach the success. Mainly recruit the right employee as an expatriate to achieve the success in the global market. To motivate them the organization need to provide benefits and compensation to promote them and achieve the target goal of the organization. The organization should be very cautious when evaluating the subsidiaries sometimes it will get into demote situation. Because subsidiaries are different due to many other factors that affect performance appraisal such as who conducts the appraisal, use of standardized or customized appraisal forms, frequency of appraisal and performance feedback host country environment. There are three types of goal. They are hard goals, soft goals and contextual goals. Performance appraisals and these types of goals will help the firm to manage and control the work force and cultural to be flexible when dealing with people. Therefore performance appraisal system for subsidiary needs to be modified according to the environmental changes. The performance of the expatriate determined with support from headquarters host country culture, family consideration and external environment of the subsidiary it operates. Hence we could standardize and implement similar performance appraisal system in our entire subsidiary when evaluating performance appraisal for expatriate. Re entry and Career Issues This topic explains the challenges faced by expatriate when they enter into their home country. Re entry to their home country will lead to new challenges. Repatriate who are going to host country after finishing their task they have to return to their home country. When they come to their home country they will experience re entry shock. Expatriate will experience the cultural shock when they return back and experienced the difference of unusual things in home country. This will happens when the expatriate stayed for long time in the host country and use to the cultural differences. So when they come to home country they will experience the differences. In addition, after returning the expatriate may discover the organizations culture and subordinates also have change and expatriates feel working in a new environment. The re entry process includes four phases. They are preparation, physical relocation, transaction and readjustment. Preparation is basically when an expatriate return to theory home country they have to be well prepared. HR department must do the needful thing to the repatriate. The organization will provide the checklist when the expatriate return to their home country. Physical relocation means dismiss and finale the personal effects and breaking ties with same age group and friends and moving to the next positioning. Transaction refers to adjustment and settlement in the home country. When expatriate move to their home they need accommodation such as basic needs to fulfill the expectation. For an example such as basic needs housing, schooling, banking facility, transport facility, insurance, medical insurance and facility. Readjustment is includes in coping home country changes, reverse cultural shock and career demands. To overcome the re entry issues in home better to design a repatriate program. It will help the expatriate to avoid fear and adjustable to their home country culture. The expatriate can have Pre re entry program before they enters to their home country. This program is useful before entering into their home country. This will also help to adjust their selves in their home country. I firmly believes that HR manger have to play an important role in an expatriate re entry process. Conclusion International human resource management plays a major role in every organisation to provide a successful staff base and also achieve the firm target internationally. International human resource management mostly rely on HR issues and challenges. Throughout all the lectures I understand about the HR roles and challenges faced when expatriate enter into the host country as well as issues occur when expatriate re enter to their home country. After understanding about the international human resource management I realize HR manger plays a vital role in recruiting, selecting, training an employee for the right job globally. The success of the multinational organisation depends on HR managers selection. HR manager have a responsibility to make sure to improve skills and knowledge of the employees in order to shine in domestic environment as well as global environment. These reflective journals help me out to understand about human resource management globally. Our lecturer Mr. Chandana kumara discusses lot of questions and argues with students in related topic. It helps me gather more information in related topics in international human resource management.

Gene Therapy Essay -- Biology Science Genetics Technology Essays

Gene Therapy Imagine yourself being a parent of a young child suffering from a horrible disease in which you now know to be genetically inherited. This disease is caused from the genes that you and your partner passed on to your child. Now lets say, you can treat this disease or may even be able to cure your child of this disease by altering, modifying, or replacing the genes that cause this disease through a process called gene therapy. Would you do it? I think most of us would answer yes. The option of being able to help our child several years ago may not have seemed possible. Genetic research has made giant leaps over the past decade and now the idea of gene therapy is reality. Through gene therapy it is possible to treat and elevate genetic diseases and mutations. We now have the knowledge and the technology to treat ourselves , our children, and the future generations. In order to make an educated decision, one must be aware of gene therapy itself. When making such a decision of whether to use gene therapy or not it would be beneficial to understand the technical aspects of gene therapy. It is also important to understand how gene therapy treats an individual, what it can be used to treat, and the previous trials and successes of the use of gene therapy. Or a person may find it worthwhile to know how the public perceives gene therapy and the overall consensus on its usage. After obtaining all of this knowledge, the decision of whether or not to use gene therapy should be able to be made confidently. Gene Therapy and the Technical Aspects Gene therapy is a means of treating diseases based on modifying the expression of a person's genes towards the therapeutic goal. Gene therapy could be used in treating letha... ... and thus will make the difference in life and death of our loved ones and ourselves. References Biotech Applied. Gene Therapy- An Overview. Biotechnology Industry Organization, 1990. Obtained from the WWW 9/3/98: http://www.gene. com/AE/AB/IWT/Gene_Therapy_Overview.html Bruce, Donald M.. Moral and Ethical Issues in Gene Therapy. Society, Religion and Technology Project(Church of Scotland), 1996. Obtained from the WWW 9/18/98: http://webzone1.co.uk/w ww/srtproject/genthpy1.htm Grace, Eric S.. Better Health Through Gene Therapy. The Futurist Jan- Feb 1998, v32, n1, p39(4). Obtained through Pals. Rifkin, Jeremy. The Ultimate Therapy. Tikkun May-June 1998, v1, n3, p33(7) Obtained from WebPals on 10/6/98. Wilson, Jim. Institute for Human Gene Therapy. Last modified: 10/20/97.Obtained form the WWW 9/3/98:http://www.med.upenn.edu /ihgt/info/whatisgt.html

The Black Family: 40 years of lies

According to the ideology of the black family concept, poverty has been described as black and intergenerational. The blackness of the family comes from the fact that a lot of poverty in the late eighteenth century was associated with the Negroes family, who were black in colour. According to consecutive statistics, poverty increased significantly in this community compared to the white, and it persisted for around forty years, making the forty years of lies.The predominance of the poverty both in terms of years and index gave birth to the black family, the American Negroes who were in total black poverty. On taking my stand, I strongly agree the arguments of this article, the Moynihan report. The collapse of the nuclear family led to mass poverty through out of wed lock children bearing and teen pregnancy. The Negro problem could not be solved without isolated study of its way of living, level of income and the social life in general. The reason as to why I support the report is maj ory based on time.I will make my argument through reflecting the time this was happening. This was a time when cultural roots were strongly held on specialized obligations of the male and female within a familial structure. The male were supposed to provide for the family whereas the female were to take care of the family. This is why the report argues that with male heads working, women and children were safe. In this ghetto culture, poverty flourishes very well for it sounds as work place discrimination based on gender.Because the population of the Negroes was increasing, the tangle of pathology was obvious. This was a state characterized by fatherlessness, crime, school failure, joblessness and juvenile delinquency. When any community is not tied to many and diversified social, economic and political obligations, they tend to worship their cultural identities. Because of the idleness, the population has to explode obviously (http://www. city-journal. org/html/15_3_black_family. h tml).The root cause of the Negroes problems was the nature of their culture on family issues. The break of nuclear family made total defiance from the social roles and responsibilities. The instability of the nuclear family resulted to mass single parentage and teen pregnancy. When children are risen up by a single parent, it is very probable that the same children will adopt the same spirit form the parent. Such kinds of children do not access education, health and other social amenities. As Johnson argues, when a family collapses, children are damaged.If this takes place at a massive scale, then the whole community gets crippled as the case of Negro Americans. Faced with the above challenges, this community had no otherwise rather than adapting to civilization ways of life, which could only be facilitated by the authority. It is a mechanism that can still apply today for poverty stricken communities. I support the campaign that was made to build a pre unit school within the ghetto zone. This was the base and the minimum level which civilization could be instilled within this community.The rest of the world should learn that the nature of family structure can adversely increase vices such as child dependency, prevalence to diseases, population burst, welfare dependency, single parentage, teen pregnancy or out of wedlock teen pregnancy epidemic. For reforms, it is wise to emphasize on use of contraceptives, sex education, universal education and the desire to rise to a higher social class (http://www. city-journal. org/html/15_3_black_family. html). Work Cited: Hymowitz, S. Kay (2005) The Black Family: 40 Years of Lies. Retrieved on 31st January 2009 from, http://www. city-journal. org/html/15_3_black_family. html

Why Oppose Healthy Living essays

Why Oppose Healthy Living essays The United States is known worldwide for many reasons; one of which is our focus on health, and everything related. Our nations mindset has developed us into addicts focused on everything healthy. Diets and techniques for the best workout flood the airwaves and stream into our homes like a raging river. We the fanatics feel that everything affects our health. Aches and pains are never overlooked, if we get a headache a hospital visit may be necessary. This may be extreme however, it is not detrimental; many lives every day are saved because these small manageable things are looked into with vigor by the general population. Many people are so interested with health and the need for it in America for this simple reason. America is nearly the unhealthiest country on the face of the earth. We have good reason to be worried about all the obscene problems. America is obviously not unhealthy because of poor doctors or health care. However, most of America is unhealthy because of the demand for fast food, cheap cigarettes, and bars down every side street. America is unhealthy because we over indulge in the luxuries given to us because of our global strength and strong economy. One of these luxuries may be our strong health care system but we have reasons to be worried. When dealing with the one object we cannot replace, should we be careless with it. Every day checking into those small aches and pains that appear to be nothing, these actions save lives. Sometimes those small pains could have been the beginning to cancer, hepatitis or many other terminal illnesses. However these illnesses can be treated with their early detection. We as a nation are so involved with our health because of all the problems that are related with it. People would rather have a worry free life than be constantly plagued with the idea that they may be dying for whatever reason. This is because sickness affects everyone at some time or an...

Vincent van Gogh Changes in the Technique

Vincent van Gogh Changes in the Technique Vincent van Gogh is now viewed as a representative of post-impressionist school of painting. However, one can say that his style evolved significantly during his life-time and there is a significant difference between his later and earlier works.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Vincent van Gogh: Changes in the Technique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is aimed at discussing the picture illustrating the changes in his artistic technique. At first close attention should be paid such paintings as The Starry Night and Wheatfield with Crows that throw light on his style that he developed at the end of his life. Moreover, these painting should be compared to his drawing known as Sorrow. These pictures should be analyzed in terms of such criteria as the use of lines, shape, color, value, space, texture, and form because they are important elements of art. It seems that this comparison illustrate the tra nsformation of van Gogh’s painting. First, it should be noted that The Starry Night was created when van Gogh was staying at Saint-Paul Asylum in Saint-RÃ ©my (Thomson 3). At that time, van Gogh was trying to maintain his psychological balance, but at the same time he wanted to develop his artistic style (Thomson 3). During this period, van Gogh created numerous masterpieces that are still of great interest to art historians and critics. The Starry Night is probably the most famous painting that he created at Saint-Paul Asylum. One of the elements that attract attention is the rich texture of this of this work. (Figure 1: Vincent van Gogh as cited in Thomson 2)Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By laying paint very thickly, van Gogh makes the painting resemble an engraving or etching. This technique is called impasto and it was widely adopted by impressi onist painters (Buser 195). The viewers can also notice that in this work, the artist uses mostly curves, rather than straight lines, and he does not want to create pure geometric forms. Another criterion that should be taken into account is van Gogh’s use of colors. It is also important to mention that van Gogh combines white and yellow colors when depicting the light of stars. Another distinctive characteristic of The Starry Night is the value or the combination of light and dark colors. As a rule, dark colors dominate those painting in which a night landscape is depicted. However, one cannot say the same thing about this work of art, because the painter gives preference to light colors, especially yellow and white. This is a distinguishing trait of this work. Apart from that, van Gogh creates very unusual shapes and forms in this picture. The author extensively uses curves and it seems that he tries to depict a vortex in the sky. Van Gogh chooses mostly asymmetrical and ir regular shapes and forms in order to emphasize the unpredictability of nature. Finally, one should remember about the author’s sense of space. It should be noted that the artists places the starry sky in the very center of the painting while the town that he depicts is not of great importance to him, even though it is located in the foreground of the picture. Apart from that, the space of this picture is not symmetrical, and it is difficult to distinguish a background and foreground. One can argue that Van Gogh does not attempt to create an illusion of three-dimensional space because he pays more attention to the palette of the painting. This is one of the arguments that one can make while discussing this famous image. This image is probably the most famous work that van Gogh created during his stay at Saint-Paul Asylum.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Vincent van Gogh: Changes in the Technique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are other paintings that illustrate the development of van Gogh’s artistic style, and one of them is Wheatfield with Crows. Van Gogh created it after he left Saint-Paul Asylum in 1890 (Mancoff 89). It is believed to be the final work completed by this artist (Mancoff 89). This is one of the reasons why this picture is worth attention. To a great extent, it resembles The Starry Night. For instance, the author creates a very rich texture by using thick layers of paint. As it has been said before, such a technique as impasto plays an important role for van Gogh. (Figure 2: Van Gogh, The Starry Night, as cited in Mancoff 89) Additionally, one should mention that the author juxtaposed dark and light colors, and they create a horizontal divide of the painting. It should also be noted that the space of his painting has a distinct background and foreground; in particular, one can speak about the evening sky and the field. The author creates a very b right yellow color when depicting the field, and it is rather unusual if one takes into account that van Gogh describes a night scenery. Apart from that, this picture incorporates numerous curves while it is very difficult to find any straight lines. In this way, the author depicts asymmetrical and irregular patterns. These are the most distinctive peculiarities of this picture.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the whole, these paintings differ dramatically from the earlier works created by van Gogh. For instance, one can look at the drawing known as Sorrow. It depicts van Gogh’s model and mistress called Sien who later committed suicide (Charles 25). The biographers of van Gogh and art historians believe that she was a prostitute who he met in the Hague (Charles 25). The author did this work long before his death, and at that time, he was only experimenting with different styles and techniques (Charles 25). The viewers can immediately notice Van Gogh often uses straight lines and this technique is not typical of his later works. Moreover, the artist creates a detailed depiction of Sien’s body, and viewers can see that she is pregnant. At the end of his career, van Gogh did not pay close attention to the physical characteristics of people he portrayed. (Figure 3: Van Gogh, Sorrow as cited in Charles 25) Moreover, he does not try to divide space into a foreground and backg round. The figure of Sien occupies the entire space of the drawing. The author does not experiment with colors because at the time when he was working on this drawing. Probably, at that time the artist had not yet developed his unique vision of color. However, this work of art still produces a powerful impression on the viewer because van Gogh manages to show Sien’s suffering and her sense of despair. This is why one cannot disregard it because this work is also a significant of van Gogh’s legacy. Overall, these examples show that Vincent van Gogh’s artistic works vary significantly in terms of artistic techniques. Although he is now believed to be a post-impressionist painter, the earlier works of this artist do not have the distinctive characteristics of this artist’s style, especially his rich palette. In turn, The Starry Night and Wheatfield with Crows are the final works of this painter and they demonstrate his artistic progress. Buser, Thomas. Expe riencing Art Around Us, New York: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. Charles, Victoria. Vincent van Gogh, London: Parkstone International, 2011. Print Mancoff, Debra. Van Goghs Flowers, Boston: Frances Lincoln Ltd, 2008. Print. Thomson, Richard. Vincent Van Gogh: The Starry Night, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2008. Print.

Colonialism & Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Colonialism & Empire - Essay Example As the study declares to begin the debate, one first needs to examine what imperialism fundamentally means, both in terms of the American Empire and in general. Generally examined, Imperialism basically refers to the practice of a nation controlling, or seeking to control, another nation, either through military means or otherwise, and whether in terms of geographical influence or political policies. Imperialist expansion in its traditional form and sense aimed mainly to seek a political, geographical or military advantage to benefit the expanding state, or it was viewed as such, but in recent times, these definitions seem to be changing, with the focus more on the benefit towards the influence country, rather than the inverse. Countries that aim to excise this influence may be referred to as an empire as they henceforth shall be. In the modern day world, America and Russia can be considered to be empires, considering their political influence over regions and countries past their bo rders. While the days of kings and queens is generally over, and we don’t seem to have empires as we traditionally imagine when we hear the word, when viewed from a technical standpoint, and in terms of today’s changing world, an empire is basically a geographically extensive dominion controlled by a singular source point. This paper outlines that considering the political influence America has all over the world, and in particular on certain countries such as Iraq or Afghanistan, as well as other countries like the Philippines or Spain in the past – from which the idea of American Imperialism first sprang up – America too can be, and should be, considered an empire as vast as any historical empire, or a nation-empire, that is, a nation extending its influence to a particular nation or region, individually or in alliance with other nations. Therefore, while the United States might not be an empire in the extremely traditional sense of the world, when considering the modern definition and the central role America plays in the world’s politics, including its considerable influence on them, America does indeed fulfill the definition of an Empire, and therefore, it can be said to have a considerable imperialistic influence as well. The United States first demonstrated imperialism and i ts existence as an empire in the Spanish war of 1898, where the Americans aimed to free Cubans from Spanish Atrocities. This is perhaps similar to the influence the Americans had on the Iraqi people in the war on Iraq, where it aimed to free the people of Iraq from the tyrannic rule of their then leaders. Perhaps it should therefore be said that the modern day word for an Empire is a Superpower, with expansion being referenced to as occupation, and policies that imperialism is originally based upon being termed as tools to help build a nation.  

Middle Ages to the Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Middle Ages to the Enlightenment - Essay Example Almost entire Europe had been Christianized as the 11th century reached its end. The High Medieval Era is called as medieval society’s flowering because of the intellectual renaissance that took place in the 12th century because philosophers like Thomas Aquinas and Pierre Abelard as well as because of the establishment of many universities and knowledge centers in Oxford, Bologna, and Paris (Snell, 2014). Some of the most magnificent stone castle-buildings and cathedrals found in Europe to date were built in this period. What is known as feudalism in the present age got established in many parts of Europe including Britain? Other industries and fields that flourished included but were not limited to production and trade of the luxury goods, and crops. Europe had reached the apogee of cultural richness and economy at the end of the 13th century but was also about to see its downturn. The medieval world transformed into the early modern world by the end of the Middle Ages. Some cataclysmic events of the 14th century are the Black Death, the Italian Renaissance, and the Avignon Papacy. Shakespeare literature flourished during the 16th century and the 17th century witnessed the Great Fire of London. Corporation characterized the high medieval society. A new regard grew for the individual’s value with the sowing of the seeds of human rights in the society. Many significant changes took place in terms of the evolution of knowledge from the Middle Ages through the Age of Enlightenment till the 19th century. The Age of Enlightenment started in Europe and spread to the colonies in America. The Age of Enlightenment opposed intolerance and superstition in addition to opposing cases of power abuse by the church and the state. The history of knowledge is apparently considered to have reached a growth period in the intellectual interchange thus causing a scientific revolution.

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business ethics - Essay Example Opponents of this idea argue that regulation, contrary to what it is supposed to be, is never done in the interests of the shareholders in the market, but for the benefit of a few people who use regulatory officials to make the market favourable to them. On the other hand, there are those who feel that regulation is necessary in order to bring sanity in the market. This probably has to do with the fact hat in the early days of the invention of the securities markets, there was a lot of misconduct by corrupt traders who used dishonest methods to benefit themselves at the expense of the other traders, especially the smaller traders who did not have a good clue of how the market worked. This led to the exploitation of many people and, in New York’s Wall Street, this unregulated, dishonest trading almost led to the collapse of the whole securities market. Because of such issues, most people felt hat the market does not have enough mechanisms to regulate itself and should therefore be regulated by the government. There are those who believe that the market is now mature and cannot be easily regulated like it was in the earlier days. They believe that whether regulated or not, the securities market will still perform well. ... While this kind of outsourcing has received a lot of criticism due to it perceived lack of patriotism, due to the fact that the directors of such firms are accused of exporting the labour market while there are so many unemployed people in the local economies, it can be applied in a positive way (Crowther & Rayman-Bacchus 107). Some of the issues which a firm like Adidas would have to consider in order to ensure that it is in the right direction would have to include employee policy. Fair pay and fair working hours Due to the fact that Adidas is looking for cheaper labour, it is very easy to be tempted to create sweat shops as has happened by so many firms, including firs from the developed world, where they abuse their workers in the developing world. In developing world, there are no tight employment regulations and employee protection laws. This fact, combined with the fact that poverty makes people in these countries to be willing to do any work under any conditions makes it easy for the employee to be abused and unfairly exploited without being able to complain. A firm like Adidas should take advantage of these conditions, not to abuse the employees but to set precedence as to how these employees must be treated and how to make sure that the employees reap happy fruits of their labour. This can be possible even after paying them relatively well in comparison to the local economy, the firms still saves a lot compared to what it would have to pay in the developed world. Question 3 Adidas, with regard to its actions seems to have a genuine interest in developing its people. However, being a for-profit firm, it would be misleading to think that this is purely philanthropy, otherwise if it was there would be no

Great expectations - review of three film versions Essay Example for Free

Great expectations review of three film versions Essay In my English lessons I have been reading great expectations as part of my pro 1914-prose study, and have chosen to do my media assignment on film adaptations of the book. I will be comparing and contrasting the three film versions, David Leans 1945 film is the eldest version which is in black and white, the BBC serialisation and the latest BBC film version, and the original novel. I will structure my essay by writing about different areas of the adaptations e. g. soundtrack, first with similarities then differences between the versions. Sequencing: The sequencing of the opening scene of great expectations adaptations are all quite similar except the latest BBC adaptation, the David Lean and BBC serialisation have the same sequencing, book so it is unlike the 2 other film versions. The David Lean film and BBC serialisation have the sequencing almost of the book so tell the story in the same way as Charles Dickens did. While the David lean version is more compact due to time limitations and the BBC serialisations has more detail they both tell the same set of events in the same way. And only differ from the book in the very beginning where they show Pip the central character in the book running across the marshes to the church, where the book starts in the churchyard. The latest BBC version is very different form the book and two other adaptations in its sequencing, it starts with Pip running away from the convict across a wheat field, when the convict catches up with Pip in the graveyard, he asks no questions about his parents or where he lives like the book. It then switches straight to Pip running home across the marshes, when he arrives home events from the second chapter take place when the events of the first havent finished being explained. The rest of the sequences of the opening chapter take place as flashbacks while pips sleeping. Soundtrack: As with the sequencing the sound track for the latest BBC adaptation is very different to the other two versions as it has a different set of sequencing. The David lean version and BBC serialisations soundtrack are quite similar but the advances in technology makes the serialisation far more advanced than the older David lean version. The David Lean version soundtrack starts with the opening of the book being narrated by an older version of Pip as the younger version crosses the marshes. The BBC serialisation soundtrack is similar to the David Lean version as it begins with narration by an older version of pip as he crosses the marshes. And the latest BBC version soundtrack is very different to the other two, as it starts with quiet music and Pips heavy breathing and rustling as he is running away from the convict. The arrival of the convict is very similar in the David Lean version and BBC serialisation soundtrack with the same build up, whistling winds and creaking trees make up a tense atmosphere, which is shattered by the arrival of the Convict. This is very different in the Latest BBC version. The arrival of the Convict in the David Lean version soundtrack is marked by him grabbing Pip and Pip screaming, the convict then threatens Pip in the following dialogue. Then the convict turns him upside down a lot of rustling and jingling from the convicts chain on his leg. The convict then demands items from Pip in the following dialogue while eating an apple and breathing heavily. At the end of the scene where Pip is running home across the marshes, the whistling winds from the graveyard are heard again. The arrival of the Convict in BBC serialisation soundtrack is different to the David Lean version you hear Pip trip and as he gets he catches sight of the convict and takes a surprised breath. The convict then moves toward him you can hear the chain on his leg jingle with every step he takes, he then talks to Pip. He shakes Pip lots of jingling and grunting, when he resumes dialogue with Pip he is eating a piece of bread. Just before the end of the scene the convict threats Pip speaking in a whisper, then walks of to bouncy music with his chain jingling. The Convict is introduced in the latest BBC version soundtrack by Pip falling with a thud, trying to hide breathing deeply. The Convict catches up breathing heavily and his chain jingling with his footsteps, as the Convict finds Pip, Pip lets out a scream then the convict says a short amount of dialogue. The David Lean and BBC serialisation soundtracks are quite similar but the Serialisation has the advantage of longer running time and detail and better technology, the only difference is the whistling wind at the end of the scene in the David Lean versions apposed to the bouncy music of the convicts departure in the BBC serialisation. The latest BBC version soundtrack is a far shorter and more condensed in the opening scene than the other two adaptations. Also large amounts of dialogue are missed out, even thought it befits from the best technology and methods out of the three adaptations it has the shortest and in my opinion worst soundtrack. Meise en scene: Meise en scene is French for what you can see such as characters, props and scenery. The main way to see the difference in the interpretation of the book in the adaptations is by what and how they present characters and locations on screen. As with the sequencing and sound tracking the David Lean version and BBC serialisation are very similar with few differences although the David Lean version is in black and white and the latest BBC version is very different to both of them. The David Lean version starts with the 1st page of Great Expectations opening then the rest of the pages blowing over. The BBC serialisation opens with some flowers on the book cover of Great Expectations wilting away, it is different to the David Lean opening but is clearly influenced by it. The latest BBC films different sequencing means different images appearing on screen at different time compared to the other two adaptations. It opens with Pip running through a golden wheat field, looking back over his shoulder, his face is dirty and his clothes are hard worn showing that he is a person of lower class in society. This is very different to the other two versions, which show the name of the film/book before the film begins. While the latest BBC version starts in the thick of the story. The appearance of the Convict is very similar in all three versions, which hold true to the book description A fearful man, all in course grey, with a great iron on his leg. The David Lean version while holding true to the book description but makes the Convict more frightening to the audience than the other two versions, as it is limited to black and white to make an impact. The BBC serialisation shows the convict more as a worn out exhausted figure that is more likely to make audiences fell sorry for him than be frightened. He is truer to the description laid down in the book than the other to versions down the blackened face and rag tied around his head. The Convict in the latest BBC version is a cross between the two other versions he is more frightening in appearance than the BBC serialisation Convict, but less true to the books description and more detailed than the David Lean versions Convict. Conclusion: After watching and reviewing all three-film adaptations, I have decided in my opinion that the BBC serialisation is the best adaptation of the book. Because of the level of detail that tells the story as well and in the same fashion that made the book such a large success, I find it an excellent alternative or compliment to reading the novel.